Use of Brucellosis in Bioterrorism Essay -- Biological Terrorism Terro

Bioterrorism Brucellosis is a very threatening biological weapon in the sense that it does not cause fatality, but incapacitates its victims. Not only this, but it is hard to diagnose since the symptoms it induces are extremely nonspecific. Bioterrorism has existed for countless years, and there is no doubt that it will be used in the future. The only thing we have to worry about now is how it will be put to use. Despite going through the trouble of setting up pacts to prevent the use of biological weapons, its presence continues to cause problems on a worldwide scale. It is often said that what we fear the most is in fact fear itself. Happiness cannot negate it, but simply aids in distracting the mind from it; ignorance, on the other hand, harbors fear and provides it a space to grow and envelop the mind. This feeling of terror and insecurity arises from any situation that is presented to us in which we have no control over and is not within the boundaries of our own comfort zones. This flaw in man’s mental state has set in stone a gateway that has led to man’s greatest achievement. It is indeed a terrifying accomplishment, but none would be wise to deny its genius. The theory of this horrifying weapon has been used for thousands of years, and the world may someday fall at its feet. It would be a fallacy to say that it will not be used for years and years to come. Everything aforementioned can be summed up in one word: bioterrorism. Although a plethora of biological agents exist, one in particular acts as one of the most imp ortant destructors regarding animal disease—Brucellosis (Grey). Whenever the word â€Å"bioterrorism† is mentioned, one of the first agents people naturally think of is Bacillus anthracis, the ... ... It is quite a shame that the executive powers in the world feel the need to have such dangerous chemicals and substances to make them feel safe. There is much at stake with countries harboring deadly weapons, and the future seems bleak for generations to come. Works Cited Alton, G. G. and J.R.L. Forsyth. â€Å"Brucella.† Date unknown. 20 July 2007. . Anderson, Burt. Microorganisms and Bioterrorism. New York: Springer, 2006. â€Å"Bacterial Weapon Acting on Humans and Livestock.† Date unknown. 23 July 2007. . â€Å"Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases: Brucellosis.† 6 Oct. 2005. 20 July 2007. . Grey, Michael and Kenneth Spaeth. The Bioterrorism Sourcebook. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2006. Use of Brucellosis in Bioterrorism Essay -- Biological Terrorism Terro Bioterrorism Brucellosis is a very threatening biological weapon in the sense that it does not cause fatality, but incapacitates its victims. Not only this, but it is hard to diagnose since the symptoms it induces are extremely nonspecific. Bioterrorism has existed for countless years, and there is no doubt that it will be used in the future. The only thing we have to worry about now is how it will be put to use. Despite going through the trouble of setting up pacts to prevent the use of biological weapons, its presence continues to cause problems on a worldwide scale. It is often said that what we fear the most is in fact fear itself. Happiness cannot negate it, but simply aids in distracting the mind from it; ignorance, on the other hand, harbors fear and provides it a space to grow and envelop the mind. This feeling of terror and insecurity arises from any situation that is presented to us in which we have no control over and is not within the boundaries of our own comfort zones. This flaw in man’s mental state has set in stone a gateway that has led to man’s greatest achievement. It is indeed a terrifying accomplishment, but none would be wise to deny its genius. The theory of this horrifying weapon has been used for thousands of years, and the world may someday fall at its feet. It would be a fallacy to say that it will not be used for years and years to come. Everything aforementioned can be summed up in one word: bioterrorism. Although a plethora of biological agents exist, one in particular acts as one of the most imp ortant destructors regarding animal disease—Brucellosis (Grey). Whenever the word â€Å"bioterrorism† is mentioned, one of the first agents people naturally think of is Bacillus anthracis, the ... ... It is quite a shame that the executive powers in the world feel the need to have such dangerous chemicals and substances to make them feel safe. There is much at stake with countries harboring deadly weapons, and the future seems bleak for generations to come. Works Cited Alton, G. G. and J.R.L. Forsyth. â€Å"Brucella.† Date unknown. 20 July 2007. . Anderson, Burt. Microorganisms and Bioterrorism. New York: Springer, 2006. â€Å"Bacterial Weapon Acting on Humans and Livestock.† Date unknown. 23 July 2007. . â€Å"Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases: Brucellosis.† 6 Oct. 2005. 20 July 2007. . Grey, Michael and Kenneth Spaeth. The Bioterrorism Sourcebook. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2006.

Zombie Survival Guide

Our world has experienced many pandemics over the course of history, from the bubonic plaque to the HIV/AIDS virus. But what happens when a virus brings us back from the dead. I’m talking about zombies, the undead. Today I will show you how to adequately prepare and survive a zombie apocalypse. Everything from identifying the enemy to defending your home and riding out the storm. Before we can divulge into preparations upon yourself and your home, we must first identify the enemy. What is a Zombie? This West African word defines a Zombie as â€Å"an animated corpse that feeds on living human flesh. Though many Hollywood movies have depicted Zombies as supernatural beings, with extreme strength and cognitive abilities, these accusations are wildly inaccurate. Zombies, in a sense, are basically human. They have the same attributes as humans do. They neither create nor destroy any part of their body (unless physical maiming has occurred before the reanimation). Zombie’s p hysical attributes are basically the same to humans. Their eyes are still capable of transmitting and interpreting visual signals. They seem to have excellent hearing, capable of detecting sound and determine its location. Their smell is more acute, though they are able to distinguish between living prey and the already dead. Since Zombies are the â€Å"Un-Dead†, most of their nerves have also died, leaving the Zombie incapable of touch. This proves to be one advantage the Zombie has over humans. Without the ability to feel pain, Zombies can perform at a higher level of stamina than humans, being able to push themselves further and faster despite the pain it would cause a normal human. Despite Hollywood fiction, Zombies do not possess self-healing abilities, they cut and bleed like normal humans. But as previously stated they do not feel such pain. The Zombie is a ruthless killing machine, it takes wits and brains to conquer such beasts, and a little fire power won’t hurt either. When preparing for the Zombie Apocalypse, choosing the right weapons can be a matter of life and death. Contrary to popular belief, loading up with the heaviest, most powerful weapons ready to kick ass is basically suicidal. Proper consideration should be taken when choosing your weaponry. First and foremost, you should always obey state and federal laws regarding lethal weapons. No matter what weapon you choose, it’s basically useless without proper training. Your weapon should become an extension of your body. If your weapon can be disassembled, you should learn how to take apart your weapon and reassemble it in the dark, it should become second nature. You should care for your weapon as if it were a member of your family, possibly the crazy uncle that could go off at any moment. Be cautious of replica weapons, as these are generally used as movie props and displays. When choosing your weapon, consider your situation. Are you in a close combat situation, or have you fortified your home adequately to where you can shoot from a distance. For blades, the Japanese Katana is ideal. It’s incredibly sharp blade and light weight makes it ideal for slicing through bone and muscle. Remember blades do not need reloading. As for guns, there is a wide range of guns to consider. Everything from heavy machine guns to shotguns. While each have their own pros and cons, for the sake of time we’ll focus on the ones imperative for survival. Heavy machine guns have a high capacity for ammo, though the weight would slow you down on the run, these weapons are best suited for stationary use. The assault rifle is significantly lighter and with the option for single fire or rapid fire. Though the urge to empty a clip into a Zombie body may be tempting, resisting that urge is imperative to save ammo. The semi-automatic rifle has shown itself to be a superior zombie killer. With its high caliber bullets and sharp accuracy, it makes mincemeat of zombies. In a close combat situation, the shotgun reigns supreme. Though its range is limited, due to the pellet pattern, this weapon will surely suffice in close combat. Finally we come to the pistol. This should be reserved as a secondary weapon; it will prove to be your best friend. Now that we have covered who we’re running from and how to defend and kill them, we focus our attention to fortifying and defending our homes. We live in a rural area, and if history teaches us anything; it’s that major outbreaks are mostly concentrated in major cities. Though no house built in the modern era was designed to defend against a zombie attack, modifications should be used to fortify your home. Protecting your home from the undead is virtually the same as defending against human intruders, though ADT alarms will not help you. Secure iron bars should be placed in window sills to prevent zombies from climbing in the windows. In addition to bars, tempered glass should replace pane glass windows to avoid shattering; giving you added time once a horde comes. Any type of fencing should be placed around the perimeter of your property. The higher the better as zombies are not great climbers. Strength in your fencing is everything, as a horde of zombies can easily take down a weak fence. Consider using concrete or cinder blocks and add strength. Proper supplies should be in place to endure the time spent in your home during an outbreak. Water, and lots of it, is the key to survival; about 3 quarts a day per person. Canned foods and dried preserved foods, in addition to portable electric stoves will keep stomachs full. In addition, a gasoline generator and bicycle generator should be in place should the power grid fail. An advanced medical kit, complete with field surgery implements and antibiotics will treat minor and major injuries. Flashlights, lamps and radios should be used and back up batteries should be in place. A high powered telescope, emergency flares and chemical light sticks should finish of your survival equipment. During the attack, you should designate one corner of your back yard for your latrine, also creating a self-sufficient garden for fruits and vegetables, as far away from the latrine as possible. For electrical needs, unless the power grid is still functioning, use the bicycle powered generator. Not only will it keep your home powered, it will keep you physically fit. Patrol your home constantly, on a 24 hour basis. The chance of survival is higher in numbers. Keeping up moral in the group will significantly increase your chance of survival too. Create a library of books and games to keep you entertained. Make sure you have everything in place, ready to be used at a moment’s notice. Everything from an escape route to a survival packs for on the run. Leave no stone unturned and no corner cut when preparing for an attack. Hopefully I have shown you today to properly prepare for a zombie outbreak. And hopefully you heed my warnings. These people are not your neighbors, your school teachers, or even your loving grandmother. These are zombies, the undead. It’s us against them. A battle to the end. Remember to stay alert, stay prepared, and stay alive.

How Does Golding Present Simon in Lord of the Flies-What Is His Role? Essay

William Goldings â€Å"Lord of the flies†, portrays a group of boys who find themselves stranded on a desert island in a deep battle between civilisation and primitive savagery. One of the boys portrayed, Simon, a boy who is kind and physically fragile expresses a deeper knowledge of the problems on the island that the other boys are unaware of. There are many differing viewpoints on his role in the novel. One of these is that he is a biblical parallel; Simon portrays a saintly figure, and shows many of the qualities demonstrated by Jesus Christ. He demonstrates a strong connection with nature throughout, and also is shown to be a character of strong goodwill and kindness. One of the reasons Simon is often thought of as a biblical parallel to Jesus Christ is because of his encounter with â€Å"The beast†, which shows a strong resemblance to Jesus’ 40 days in the desert, in which he encountered the Devil and was tempted by him to leave his mission. In â€Å"Lord of the Flies†, Simon meets the beast during an epileptic fit. His mind, or the Beast tells him â€Å"We are going to have fun on this island†¦so don’t try it on†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . Simon is being told that he must not tell the others what he knows, that they must have fun and Simon must not interfere, but he must just â€Å"run off and play†. The name â€Å"Lord of the Flies† is a translation of a word thought to mean a powerful demon, or the devil himself. This shows that Simon may have represented Jesus in the novel. Simon’s death also shows resemblance to that of Jesus, which shows us that Simon may be Christ’s representation in the novel. ‘Simon was crying out something of a dead man on a hill. ‘ This imagery is displayed just before Simon is mercilessly slaughtered by the other boys, a direct link to the image of Jesus’ crucifixion on the top of a hill. After Christ was killed, it was said that ‘There was darkness over all the land†¦and the earth did quake, and the rocks rent.’ These supernatural biblical descriptions recount the solar eclipse and the earthquake which took place after Jesus’ death. This relates to the death of Simon; ‘The clouds opened and let down the rain like a waterfall’, signifying his death. When Jesus was crucified, he died to save mankind. This relates to Simon confronting the figure on the mountaintop. When he died â€Å"the parachute took the figure forward†¦and bumped it out to sea†. When Simon died, the dead air pilot was finally  released from his purgatorial state on the island, and as Jesus died and salvaged mankind, Simon died and exorcised the soul who lingered between life and death, and between heaven and hell. This shows us that Simon had many strong parallels with Jesus and may have been his biblical parallel in the novel. Simon is a representation of hope and innocence on the island, and has a strong and vital connection with nature. In the novel, Simon has a special place in the forest where he can go and sit alone, at one with his surroundings. â€Å"The sunlight pelted down and the butterflies danced.† This description indicates that this place where Simon often resides is almost paradisiacal, and Simon is able to appreciate the true beauty of the island; it’s beauty is not thwarted by his presence, as it is with the other boys. Simon has a strong connection with the island and with nature itself. Simon is able to see the true beauty in the things that others cannot. The ‘creepers’, which had once hindered the boys and were previously referred to as ‘snake-like’, aid him and form ‘a large mat’. This shows his unity with nature. When Simon ventures into the forest the white ‘candle buds’ open themselves up, which and returned to peaceful place that he came from. Simon is connected with nature throughout the novel, but is only truly at one with it when he dies. The body of the dead airman being pulled out to sea could also symbolise Simons soul being finally released from the confines of life and returning to nature where it belongs. Simon’s true sense of pure goodwill is first demonstrated in his expressed concern for the more vulnerable boys. He help the littluns to get fruit, and ‘pulled off the choicest from up in the foliage, passed them back down to the endless, outstretched hands’. He also helps Piggy to get his glasses back when Jack has knocked them off, showing that he does not discriminate against Piggy because he is different but chooses to help him, even if this may cause him to suffer in the future. These may indicate that Simon, though other characters may be thought of as â€Å"good† and kind, such as Piggy or Ralph, Simon shows no flaws at all. Simon possesses a deep knowledge and understanding about the truth of the island and the beast of which the other boys know not. He also seems to posses many mystic qualities. He is the first to understand truly that the beast is not a physical or material being, but something that lives within the boys. Unlike piggy or Ralph, who are able to appreciate adult knowledge and understanding, Simon possesses  the ability to see the darker side of knowledge. For Simon, the eyes of the Pig’s head on the stick are â€Å"dim with the infinite cynicism of adult life†, meaning that adults believe nothing is ideal, therefore his realisation in itself is cynical– the beast lives within the children, making Simon distrust the human nature. He knows the truth but is unable to get it across to the other boys; â€Å"Simon became inarticulate in his effort to express mankind’s’ essential illness†. Simon understands the truth behind the beast- that the beast itself thrives within the boys, is not something living that can be hunted, but is mankind’s â€Å"essential illness†, the evil that lurks within all men, waiting to be released. The fact that Simon is â€Å"inarticulate† shows that he is unable to express the truth to the others, and even if he had, the boys would not have listened or cared. His death relates to the elements- his knowledge is elemental . Golding shows us the significance of his death by shifting the focus from the movements of Simon’s body to the movements of the sun, the moon and the stars, inciting that Simon’s knowledge was as essential as the elements themselves. However, even though he is portrayed as a weak character right from the beginning, Simon is much braver than he seems; he is the one who climbs the mountain to encounter â€Å"the beast†, at which he discovers that the beast is not material. Simon possesses a number of mystical qualities, such as his pathetic abilities. Simon prophesizes to Ralph â€Å"you’ll get back to where you came from†, almost indicating that he may not. Simon foresees his own death and predicts that Ralph will ret urn home. Another way in which Simon’s mystical qualities are shown is when he asks the other boys rhetorical questions which require much thought to answer, such as â€Å"what is the dirtiest thing there is?† All of these indicate that Simon is a mystic and possesses a much deeper and darker knowledge than the other boys. To conclude, Golding’s presentation of Simon shows us his biblical parallel with Jesus and his significant unity with nature, which lets Simon see the true beauty of the island where others cannot, indicating that it is not the island that is against them but that the boys are against the island, truly centralised around destruction and savagery. He represents Hope and bravery and has a deep and perhaps dark knowledge, which enables him to perceive the truth much more clearly than the other boys. He also has a flawless good will. This shows us that Simon’s true role in the novel was that he alone  had the power to save the boys from themselves, for he alone had the knowledge of the beast’s true nature. Simon was killed because of this, however he was killed as the beast – yet it is ironic that he said the beast was â€Å"only us†. Simon was the least beast-like, which makes one wonder whether him being less savage makes him more or less human.

A Guide to the Barbary Pirates

A Guide to the Barbary Pirates The Barbary pirates (or, more accurately, Barbary privateers) operated out of four North African basesAlgiers, Tunis, Tripoli and various ports in Moroccobetween the 16th and 19th centuries. They terrorized seafaring traders in the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean, sometimes, in the words of John Biddulphs 1907 history of piracy, venturing into the mouth of the [English} channel to make a capture. The privateers worked for North African Muslim deys, or rulers, themselves subjects of the Ottoman Empire, which encouraged privateering as long as the empire received its share of tributes. Privateering had two aims: to enslave captives, who were usually Christian, and to ransom hostages for tribute. The Barbary pirates played a significant role in defining the foreign policy of the United States in its earliest days. The pirates provoked the United States first wars in the Middle East, compelled the United States to build a Navy, and set several precedents, including hostage crises involving the ransoming of American captives and military American military interventions in the Middle East that have been relatively frequent and bloody since. The Barbary wars with the United States ended in 1815 after a naval expedition ordered to North Africas shores by President Madison defeated the Barbary powers and put an end to three decades of American tribute payments. Some 700 Americans had been held hostage over the course of those three decades. Meaning of Barbary The term Barbary was a derogatory, European and American characterization of North African powers. The term is derived from the word barbarians, a reflection of how Western powers, themselves often slave-trading or slave-holding societies at the time, viewed Muslim and Mediterranean regions. Also Known As: Barbary corsairs, Ottoman corsairs, Barbary privateers, Mohammetan pirates

The Role of Chief Justice of the United States

The Role of Chief Justice of the United States Often incorrectly called the chief justice of the Supreme Court, the chief justice of the United States is the nation’s highest-ranking judicial official, and speaking for the judicial branch of the federal government, and serving as the chief administrative officer for the federal courts. In this capacity, the chief justice heads the Judicial Conference of the United States, the chief administrative body of the U.S. federal courts,  and appoints the director of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts. A Chief Justices Main Duties As primary duties, the chief justice presides over oral arguments before the Supreme Court and sets the agenda for the courts meetings. Of course, the chief justice presides over the Supreme Court, which includes eight other members called associate justices. The chief justices vote carries the same weight as those of the associate justices, though the role does require duties that the associate justices dont perform. As such, the chief justice is traditionally paid more than the associate justices. The 2018 annual salary of the chief justice set by Congress, is $267,000, slightly higher than the $255,300 salary of the associate justices. When voting with the majority in a case decided by the Supreme Court, the chief justice may choose to write the Courts opinion  or to assign the task to one of the associate justices. History of the Chief Justice Role The office of chief justice is not explicitly established in the U.S. Constitution. While Article I, Section 3, Clause 6 of the Constitution refers to a chief justice as presiding over Senate trials of presidential impeachment.  Article III, Section 1 of the Constitution, which establishes the Supreme Court itself, refers to all members of the Court simply as â€Å"judges.† The distinct titles of Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States and Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States were created by the Judiciary Act of 1789. In 1866, Associate Justice Salmon P. Chase, who had been by to the Court by President Abraham Lincoln in 1864, convinced Congress to change the official title Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States to the current Chief Justice of the United States. Chase reasoned that the new title better acknowledged the position’s duties within the judicial branch not directly related to the Supreme Court’s deliberations. In 1888, Chief Justice of the United States Melville Fuller became the first person to actually hold the modern title. Since 1789, 15 different presidents have made a total of 22 official nominations to either the original or the modern chief justice position. Since the Constitution mandates only that there must be a chief justice, the practice of appointment by the president with the consent of the Senate has been based solely on tradition. The Constitution does not specifically prohibit the use of other methods, as long as the chief justice is selected from among the other sitting justices. Like all federal judges, the chief justice is nominated by the president of the United States and must be confirmed by the Senate. The term-in-office of the chief justice is set by Article III, Section 1 of the Constitution, which states that all federal judges shall hold their offices during good behavior, meaning that chief justices serve for life, unless they die, resign, or are removed from office through the impeachment process. Presiding Over Impeachments and Inaugurations The chief justice sits as the judge in  impeachments  of the president of the United States,  including when the vice  president of the United States  is the acting president. Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase presided over the Senate trial of President  Andrew Johnson  in 1868, and Chief Justice  William H. Rehnquist  presided over the trial of President William Clinton in 1999. While its thought the chief justice must swear in ​presidents at inaugurations, this is a purely traditional role. According to law, any federal or state judge is empowered to administer oaths of office, and even a notary public can perform the duty, as was the case when Calvin Coolidge was sworn in as president in 1923. Procedure and Reporting and Inaugurations In day-to-day proceedings, the chief justice enters the courtroom first and casts the first vote when the justices deliberate, and also presides over closed-door conferences of the court in which votes are cast on pending appeals and cases heard in oral argument. Outside the courtroom, the chief justice writes an annual report to Congress about the state of the federal court system and appoints other federal judges to serve on various administrative and judicial panels. The chief justice also serves as chancellor of the Smithsonian Institution  and sits on the boards of the National Gallery of Art and the Hirshhorn Museum.

Current event analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Current event analysis - Essay Example ates that the state of Florida announced they are facing a $3 billion dollar deficit and as a result the mental health programs could be cut by as much as thirty to fifty percent by the Florida House and the Florida Senate. Jacque Henderson, director of Tri-County Human Services residential programs in Lakeland spoke about the potential cuts and said that almost every significant advance in the last thirty-years, including drug court, mental health court, and miscellaneous treatment services, are all at risk of being cut. The current House plan is to cut over $172 million, while the Senate has a proposal for $205 million in cuts. Expressing similar sentiments to Jacque Henderson, Partners in Crisis was also highly concerned about the potential of losing drug court and mental health court programs. The article states that the Peace River staff has already taken 5% pay cuts, and only through a large private donation were they able to remain a viable institution. While the article does mention research that states recent statistical analysis states that the programs that might be cut have demonstrated significant preventative value, it doesn’t elucidate on these findings. While mental health programs should be of the utmost concern and valued as highly as other medical programs, one would hope to see some fiscal responsibility and proof of

Learning Theory and Simulation Applications for Aviation Training Essay

Learning Theory and Simulation Applications for Aviation Training - Essay Example The use of simulation training in the preparation of military and civilian pilots cannot be ignored and this is mainly used because training based on actual equipment in the real world can be prohibitively expensive and dangerous. "In fact, the military and the commercial aviation industry are probably the biggest investors in simulation-based training. These simulations range in cost, fidelity, and functionality. Many simulation systems have the ability to mimic detailed terrain, equipment failures, motion, vibration, and visual cues about a situation." (Salas and Cannon-Bowers, 2001, p 471). In the training of military and civilian pilots, three essential learning theories such as behaviorism, cognitivism and constructivism are employed. One of the major concepts which guide the design of flight training simulators today is that "transfer of training is highest when similarity of the training and transfer situations is the highest . . . this is the governing principle for most simu lators that are built." ( Adams, 1979). Therefore, simulation training can be comprehended as one of the most effective and practical methods of aviation training which corresponds to the utility of learning theories in the training of civil and military training. Simulation training reflects the most advantageous outcomes