Shone vs. Shined, Lit vs. Lighted

Shone versus Sparkled, Lit versus Lit Shone versus Sparkled, Lit versus Lit Shone versus Sparkled, Lit versus Lit By Maeve Maddox A Canadian peruser inquires, Has it gotten alright to change sporadic past action words like lit and shone to lit and sparkled? The response to the initial segment of the inquiry is that sporadic action words have been in a condition of transition for a considerable length of time, so I guess that it’s consistently â€Å"okay† to transform them. The prevailing propensity in English has been for sporadic past tense structures to be supplanted by the â€Å"regular† - ed past tense closure. For instance, the past participle of help used to be holpen: Presently, when they will fall, they will be holpen with a little assistance KJV, Daniel 11:34 As just around 300 in number action words (what we call â€Å"irregular† action words) existed in the Old English spoken and composed a thousand years prior, I think it’s astounding that any of them have made due into present day English. The peruser who offered the conversation starter suggested that composing lit and sparkled for lit and shone must have something to do with American spelling propensities: I’m from Canada and we regularly battle among American and British guidelines. A steady confusion is that when American utilization varies from British use, the American adaptation must be a defilement. I’ve got numerous a remark contrasting American English with â€Å"real English,† as though Standard American English (SAE) were a usurper of the â€Å"real thing.† The truth of the matter is, King Alfred would have as much trouble in understanding Queen Elizabeth II as he would President Obama. Both SAE and BrE stream from a similar source, however both have voyage far from it. As a rule, shone and lit are favored in British English and sparkled and lit in American English. Both the OED and Merriam-Webster show the arched structures lit/lit and landed/alit. In the two word references, the - ed structure is recorded first. Simplifications aside, both frail (standard) and solid (sporadic) past tense structures are being used on the two sides of the Atlantic. I experienced childhood in the American South and was very happy with saying â€Å"Mother lit the birthday candles,† and â€Å"The sun shone throughout the day long.† The action word sparkle is utilized with two implications: sparkle: of an eminent body or an item that is land; to reveal light emissions insight sparkle: to cause to sparkle, put a clean on As per a few specialists, setting decides if an American speaker will utilize shone or sparkled when discussing the sun or some other article that produces light: The transitive type of the action word â€Å"shine† is †shined.† If the setting portrays something sparkling on something different, use â€Å"shined†: â€Å"He sparkled his spotlight on the skunk eating from the pooch dish.† You can recollect this in light of the fact that another feeling of the word meaning â€Å"polished† clearly requires â€Å"shined†: â€Å"I sparkled your shoes for you.† â€Paul Brians, educator emeritus, Washington State University. Concerning sparkle in the feeling of â€Å"to polish,† British speakers would state neither â€Å"I sparkled your shoes for you,† nor â€Å"I shone your shoes for you.† For an announcement previously, they would most likely utilize the action word clean: â€Å"I cleaned your shoes for you.† Presently for the truly intriguing piece: The OED reveals to us that sporadic shone is unrecorded in Old English and shows up just a single time in Middle English. The structure sparkled was in like manner use from 1300-1800. The structure shone first showed up as a past participle in the second 50% of the sixteenth century. With respect to the structures lit and landed (to slide from a pony or movement), these - ed structures were being used before the sixteenth century. Shakespeare utilizes lit in the â€Å"Tomorrow and tomorrow and tomorrow† discourse in Macbeth: And every one of our yesterdays have lit numb-skulls The best approach to dusty demise. My decision is that sparkled and lit are no less â€Å"okay† than shone or lit. In any case, at that point, my lingo is American English. Note: British speakers articulate shone to rhyme with gone; for Americans, shone rhymes with bone. Need to improve your English in a short time a day? Get a membership and begin getting our composing tips and activities every day! Continue learning! Peruse the Spelling class, check our mainstream posts, or pick a related post below:20 Types and Forms of Humor75 Idioms and Expressions That Include â€Å"Break†Preposition Mistakes #1: Accused and Excited

Emergence of Economic, Social and Political Ideas Essay

Presentation The new thoughts that molded our advanced world are the impact of popular government, republicanism, patriotism and radicalism. Majority rules system is a type of gaovernment where the resident chooses a delegate to make laws for their benefit. Republicanism is a type of government where the leader of the state is the resident of that country as opposed to a ruler. A ruler is somebody like a lord, sovereign or a head. Patriotism is the conviction that individuals of a comparable race, culture or thoughts should have a place with a similar country state and radicalism was a development planned for ensuring and improving the privileges of people. Period of Revolution American Revolution The American Revolution was a political change, 1765â€1783, as the Thirteen American Colonies parted from the British Empire and framed an autonomous country, the United States of America. Beginning in 1765 the Americans dismissed the authority of Parliament to burden them without chose portrayal. In 1774 the Patriots smothered the Loyalists and ousted every single imperial authority. Every state presently had another legislature that took control. The British reacted by sending battle troops to restore regal control. During that Time Continental Congress, the Patriots battled the British in the American Revolutionary War from 1775 to 1783. In mid 1778, after an attacking armed force from Canada was caught by the Americans, the French entered the war as partners of the United States. The maritime and military intensity of the different sides was about equivalent, and France had partners in the Netherlands and Spain, while Britain had no significant partners in this enormous scope war. The war went toward the South, where the British caught an American armed force at South Carolina, yet neglected to enroll enough volunteers from Loyalist non military personnel to take successful control. A joined Americanâ€French power caught a second British armed force at Yorktown in 1781, successfully finishing the war in the United States. A harmony arrangement in 1783 affirmed the new countries complete partition from the British Empire. The United States claimed about all the region east of the Mississippi River and south of the Great Lakes, with the British holding control of Canada and Spain taking Florida. The American Revolution was the aftereffect of a progression of social, political, and scholarly changes in American culture, government and perspectives and picked up autonomy. French Revolution The French upset was from 1780 to 1799. It stopped the medieval primitive arrangement of land possession ain France and in the long run Europe yet not every person concurred with this. After the execution of King Louis XVI in 1793, rivals looked to squash it with the assistance of remote militaries (period known as Reign Of Terror). In the harvest time of 1793, Robespierre and the Jacobins concentrated on tending to monetary and political dangers inside France. What started as a proactive way to deal with recovering the country immediately turned grisly as the legislature founded its notorious battle against interior resistance known as the Reign of Terror. Starting in September, Robespierre, under the protection of the Committee of Public Safety, started pointing a denouncing finger at anybody whose convictions appeared to be counterrevolutionaryâ€citizens who had carried out no wrongdoing however just had social or political motivation that fluctuated a lot from Robespierre†™s. The panel focused on even the individuals who shared numerous Jacobin sees yet were seen as just marginally excessively radical or traditionalist. During the nine-month time frame that followed, somewhere in the range of 15,000 to 50,000 French residents were executed at the guillotine. Indeed, even long-term partners of Robespierre, for example, Georges Danton, who had coordinated the Jacobin ascend to control, succumbed to the distrustfulness. At the point when Danton faltered in his conviction, addressed Robespierre’s progressively careless activities, and attempted to mastermind a détente among France and the warring nations, he himself lost his life to the guillotine, in April 1794. ] All in all, the result of the French insurgency is that they ousted the privileged of the day and took control, cleared away the French government and honorability, the French Revolution may have been ridiculous and savage, however at long last it changed the financial, political, and social structure of France perpetually, Probably the best changes to come out of the Revolution were the changes that would be the foundation of a legitimate and managerial framework that despite everything perseveres. There is just one negative result I can consider, is that King Louis XVI passed on, in the event that he hadn’t kicked the bucket, at that point they wouldn’t have assaulted France and none would have shed a blood. The Eureka Rebellion The Eureka defiance in the year 1854 was a truly stunning composed insubordination of gold diggers of Victoria, Australia. The clash of the Eureka Rebellion was battled among diggers and the pilgrim powers of Australia. This occasion happened as a result of a demonstration of insubordinate in the Ballarat district, during the Victorian dash for unheard of wealth with diggers against conveying a miner’s permit because of high charges. The permit expense turned into the central matter of an a lot bigger dissent against the absence of law based rights, and without the option to cast a ballot, excavators had nothing to do with the legislatures choices. The main way their perspectives were known was to either not convey them or even publically consume them and as this gets the Polices consideration, they manufactured barricades to shield themselves from the Police. The result of the Eureka Rebellion was that they came to represent the battle of the normal individuals for equity a nd fundamental rights. Female Suffrage The suffragettes contended that ladies ought to have the option to cast a ballot and represent political decision in light of the fact that the desires of ladies ought to be reflected in parliament. They contended that an administration ‘by the people’ ought to incorporate government by ladies, since laws influence ladies as much as they do men. Vida Goldstein was conceived in Portland, Victoria. She accepted that people ought to have equivalent rights. She worked for the privilege of ladies to cast a ballot, called ‘suffrage’, and her folks urged her to be solid and free. In 1903 Goldstein was the principal lady in the British Empire to attempt to turn into an individual from a national parliament. She represented political race to the Australian Commonwealth Parliament however didn't win. She didn't surrender however moved in the direction of women’s testimonial in Victorian state races. Ladies in Victoria got the vote in 1908. During the First Worl d War, Goldstein framed a gathering of individuals who worked for harmony. A unique tree was planted in the grounds of the Victorian Parliament to respect her accomplishments and an electorate (casting a ballot zone) in Melbourne is named after her. Australian Egalitarianism Populism fundamentally implies a reasonable go for all. Decency and fairness, mateship and fellowship are words I would use to depict populism. Everybody helping everybody through intense and meager, bushfires, dry seasons and floods, they would all need to co-work and help each other to endure. Anyway libertarianism hasn’t applied to everybody in Australia. Inside the system of Australia’s laws, all Australians reserve the privilege to communicate their way of life and convictions and to take an interest openly in Australia’s nationalâ life. Simultaneously, everybody is relied upon to maintain the standards and shared qualities that help Australia’s lifestyle. These include: †¢respect for equivalent worth, respect and opportunity of the person †¢freedom of discourse and affiliation †¢freedom of religion and a common government †¢support for parliamentary majority rules system and the standard of law †¢equality under the law †¢equality of people and opportunity †¢peacefulness †¢a soul of libertarianism that grasps resilience, and sympathy for those out of luck. Australia additionally holds solidly to the conviction that nobody ought to be burdened based on their nation of birth, social legacy, language, sex or strict conviction. So Is Australia a populist society? Australia is a moderately new nation, with organization happening minimal longer than a century prior. Be that as it may, it has advanced consistently and today we are viewed as a well off, globally serious majority rule government. To numerous outcasts, Australia looks like paradise, an ideal heaven where to live. Lovely sea shores, extraordinary creatures, a laidback way of life and a fair arrangement of government all add to this picture of Australia being the ideal spot to live. It has become the method of Australians to advance the picture of equity in our nation. Be that as it may, Australia has had an exceptionally bigot past, with strategies, for example, the White Australia strategy and the numerous oppressive demonstrations of bad form put against the local Aboriginals. A libertarian culture is one that takes care of poor people, treating them with nobility, and taking suitable measures to guarantee the government assistance of every one of its residents paying little heed to age, sexual orientation or race. A libertarian culture ought not overlook any type of separation, and should endeavor to give equivalent chance to everybody. Since 1901, Australia has progressed significantly in battling disparity. Ladies presently have equivalent rights to men; the White Australia approach and the Assimilation strategy were abrogated; life has improved for Aboriginals as their privileges are currently being recognized; normal future has expanded; and the legislature works admirably guaranteeing thatâ all Australian residents profit by the nation’s success. Notwithstanding, there is a continuous discussion regarding whether Australia is beginning to disregard the significant issue of uniformity in the public arena. In 2003, it was discovered that the top 10% of Australian family units had a higher pay than the base half of families consolidated. While one may contend that Australia has gotten wealthier than any time in recent memory, insights read that there are more destitute and burdened individuals than there were 25 years back. I accept that Australia

How to Cope With Generalized Anxiety Disorder at Work

How to Cope With Generalized Anxiety Disorder at Work Social Anxiety Disorder Work and School Print How to Cope With Generalized Anxiety Disorder at Work By Arlin Cuncic Arlin Cuncic, MA, is the author of Therapy in Focus: What to Expect from CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder and 7 Weeks to Reduce Anxiety. Learn about our editorial policy Arlin Cuncic Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on February 24, 2017 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 20, 2020 Generalized Anxiety Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children PeopleImages / iStock In This Article Table of Contents Expand Work Worries Tips for Coping When You Can't Cope View All Not everyone with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)  is able to manage their anxiety at work. Many people struggle with excessive worry about a variety of everyday problems related to work, or even their personal life while trying to get their job done. How Is Generalized Anxiety Disorder Diagnosed? This type of anxiety is debilitating and far greater than would be expected over simple concerns. It often also results in physical symptoms such as fatigue and muscle tension that can make work-life miserable.?? Work Worries People with GAD may worry about any of the following when they experience anxiety at work: Concerns about driving to workWorries about work tasksFamily worriesMoney worriesHealth concerns Worry-Related Work Problems These worries may translate into the following problems at work (among others):Inability to concentrateInability to focus/excessive self-focusFailure to meet deadlines/taking too long to do thingsSomatic (body) problems like tension, headaches, feeling of pressure, dizziness, and upset stomachForgetfulnessSick days/lost productivitySpillover effect on family life Tips for Coping Coping with anxiety at work is possible. Below are some tips to help you manage anxiety while at work. Speak to Your Manager Not everyone feels comfortable doing this, but speaking to your manager or supervisor about your anxiety disorder may help. You may be offered accommodations to help you do your job more effectively. Some people may not tell a supervisor for fear of appearing to be weak or unwilling to work, losing out on promotions, or having it on your permanent record. Ultimately, however, you cannot be discriminated against because of your anxiety disorder.   The Americans with Disabilities (ADA) Act of 1990 protects you from discrimination if you are qualified to do your job and able to perform duties with reasonable accommodations. Tell a Coworker If you tell a coworker how you are feeling, there will be someone there at work who knows what you are going through and who may be able to help keep you on track. Work Within Your Limits Understand the limits placed on you by your anxiety disorder and learn to work within them. Take time off when you need to.  Take a brisk walk or escape for a vacation for a few days.Focus on a single task at a time and try not to think ahead to everything that needs to get done.Listen to music at work if you are allowed ?and if it helps you cope.Set small frequent deadlines to keep yourself focused. Practice Good Health Habits While GAD can cause insomnia,?? try your best to stick to a regular sleep/wake cycle. Eat healthy foods and avoid caffeine. Be Mindful If you find yourself losing concentration or focus and becoming wrapped up in worry, practice mindfulness. Become observant of your surroundings and refocus on the present moment. Try mindfulness meditation or any other practice that teaches you how to bring yourself back to the present. How to Live Well With Generalized Anxiety Disorder When You Cant Cope Are you still finding that you cant cope with generalized anxiety at work? Ask yourself the following questions. Have you been diagnosed and received treatment? If you only have a vague notion that something is wrong but havent seen a doctor, now is the time. In the Anxiety and Depression Association of Americas Stress and Anxiety Disorders survey, 40 percent of respondents experienced persistent stress or excessive anxiety in their daily lives.?? However, only 9 percent of respondents were diagnosed with an anxiety disorder. Obtaining a diagnosis and treatment such as therapy or medication should always be your first step if severe anxiety is interfering with your ability to work. Have you considered applying for disability benefits until you improve? It isnt a mark of shame or a failure to do so. Perhaps you just need time to work on your anxiety and then re-enter the workforce from a stronger position. A Word From Verywell If youve taken the above steps to address your anxiety at work but still havent seen improvement, it could also be the case that your job is not particularly well-suited to you. You may wish to consider career counseling or a career coach, who will conduct assessments to determine the careers that you are likely to both enjoy and in which you may excel. 10 Careers for People With Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Definition and Examples of Chiasmus Figure of Speech

In rhetoric, chiasmus is a verbal pattern (a type of antithesis) in which the second half of an expression is balanced against the first with the parts reversed. Essentially the same as antimetabole. Adjective: chiastic. Plural: chiasmus or chiasmi. Note that a chiasmus includes anadiplosis, but not every anadiplosis reverses itself in the manner of a chiasmus. Examples and Observations You forget what you want to remember, and you remember what you want to forget.Your manuscript is both good and original, but the part that is good is not original, and the part that is original is not good.If black men have no rights in the eyes of the white men, of course, the whites can have none in the eyes of the blacks.The art of progress is to preserve order amid change and to preserve change amid order.Chiasmus as verbal judoThe root pattern is called chiasmus because diagrammed, it forms an X, and the Greek name for X is chi. When John Kennedy constructed his famous bromide, Ask not what your country can do for you but what you can do for your country, he went to the Well of Antithesis for his active ingredient. Where does the X power come from?... Obviously, a verbal judo is at work here. By keeping the phrase but inverting its meaning we use our opponents own power to overcome him, just as a judo expert does. So a scholar remarked of anothers theory, Cannon entertains that theory because that theory entertains Cannon. The pun on entertain complicates the chiasmus here, but the judo still prevails--Cannon is playing with the power of his own mind rather than figuring out the secrets of the universe.The lighter side of chiasmusStarkist doesnt want tuna with good taste, Starkist wants tuna that tastes good! Pronunciation ki-AZ-mus Also Known As Antimetabole, epanodos, inverted parallelism, reverse parallelism, crisscross quotes, syntactical inversion, turnaround Sources Cormac McCarthy,  The Road, 2006Samuel JohnsonFrederick Douglass, An Appeal to Congress for Impartial SuffrageAlfred North WhiteheadRichard A. Lanham,  Analyzing Prose, 2nd ed. Continuum, 2003

Maslow s Hierarchy Of Needs - 810 Words

In the 1940’s and 1950’s Carl Rogers developed the Person Centered Theory. This theory is also referred to as Client- Centered or Rogerian Theory. This practice is the practice of psychotherapy. Person centered theory works as a non directive approach which ultimately allows the client complete capacity for finding and discovering their own answers. The relationship established by the client and counselor is a crucial aspect of the theory. It is essential that the client feels safe and comfortable in his or her environment. As trust is built between counselor and client, the client will slowly discover self actualization. Carl Rogers was incredibly fascinated by many of Abraham Maslow’s ideas, particularly the aspects of being a fully functioning person. Carl Rogers also felt that we cannot fully strive toward â€Å"self actualization† if our needs are not met through Maslow s Hierarchy of needs. If our needs are not met, our attention is riveted on meeting these basic needs (Gerald 2012, pg 177). Person centered theory works as a non directive approach which ultimately allows the client complete capacity of finding and discovering their own answers. Through this process the counselor helps the client create change in their life, by developing a considerable understanding of their feelings and behavior. This proces s should lead the client striving to live a more meaningful life. Carl Rogers stated that the counselor must be genuine when it comes to their own and the client’sShow MoreRelatedMaslow s Hierarchy Of Needs1741 Words   |  7 PagesMaslow’s hierarchy of needs and Herzberg’s. The Maslow’s hierarchy of needs include five levels, and at the certain extent, reflect the rule of human s activities on psychological and behavior. Herzberg’ describe the more details of worker agree or disagree about working. In this essay, more related knowledge details and effects will de described, then, analysis the two theories individual, choose a better one. II. Describe the two theories. 2.1Maslow’s hierarchy of needs The Maslow’s hierarchy of needsRead MoreMaslow s Hierarchy Of Needs1536 Words   |  7 Pagesunderstanding of how to motivate different personality types. In the research I am going to compare Maslow’s hierarchy of needs against Lawrence and Nohira’s 4 drive theory in an attempt to better understand their possible uses inside an organizational structure. Let’s first take a look a look at the two theories before discussing their potential benefit. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. We need to keep in mind that Maslow’s field was phycology, so his research was done from a medical viewpoint more soRead MoreMaslow s Hierarchy Of Needs1524 Words   |  7 PagesSummary of Maslow’s The Hierarchy of Needs Abraham Maslow developed the theories of motivation because he felt that the sophistication of human behavior could not be portrayed through reinforcement or rewards. He felt that human action were directed toward realization and fulfillments and that behavior could be gratified while using multiple types of needs at the same time. Maslow wanted to find positive motivation as to why people react or engage in certain behaviors. He felt that basic survivalRead MoreMaslow s Hierarchy Of Needs1295 Words   |  6 PagesMaslow’s hierarchy of needs (p. 379 in EP)? Outline each level and discuss how it relates to motivation. Abraham Maslow was born in 1908 in Brooklyn, New York. He originally studied law because of the influence of my parents, but after marrying his first cousin, Bertha Goodman, and moving to Wisconsin, he became interested in psychology. After achieving his Masters in Psychology, Maslow moved back to Brooklyn and started teaching at a school there. â€Å"One of the many interesting things Maslow noticedRead MoreMaslow s Hierarchy Of Needs982 Words   |  4 PagesAbraham Maslow was one of the most influential and important educational psychologists and is recognized by many for his theory on mankind’s hierarchy of needs. Maslow’s theory which is known as â€Å"Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs† is best explained as a pyramid of needs that we as humans must meet in order to progress to another stage of needs. There are five stages in the pyramid of needs and they go as follows: physiological, safety, love and belongingness, esteem, and finally self-actualization. MaslowRead MoreMaslow s The Hierarchy Of Needs1769 Words   |  8 Pages Summary of Maslow’s The Hierarchy of Needs Jennifer Thompson Arkansas Tech University Author Note This individual research paper is being submitted on October 13, 2014 for Loretta Cochran’s Management [BUAD 3123] course. â€Æ' Summary of Maslow’s The Hierarchy of Needs Abraham Maslow developed the theories of motivation because he felt that the sophistication of human behavior could not be portrayed through reinforcement or rewards. He felt that human action were directed toward realizationRead MoreMaslow s Hierarchy Of Needs1498 Words   |  6 Pagesjust want to survive in life they want to flourish. Maslow s hierarchy of needs explains to us a ranking of needs for most essential to the least. While the interactionist point of view explains how humans are social creatures and social interaction is just as important as all of the other needs listed on Maslow’s Model. Maslow s hierarchy of needs is a ranking of needs for most essential to the least. Corrections Today explains that Abraham Maslow was an American psychologist born in New York, heRead MoreMaslow s Hierarchy Of Needs1846 Words   |  8 PagesAbraham Maslow developed the Hierarchy of needs (HON) to try and explain human psychological developments and how these manifest themselves into a worker’s life. We will explore some issues brought up by the model and why it may lack a certain the degree of unification and how it could potentially work better if entwined with other views. Motivation is the â€Å"word derived from the word ’motive’ It’s the process of stimulating people to actions to accomplish the goals† (guide, 2017) Also, MaslowRead MoreMaslow s Hierarchy Of Needs Essay1527 Words   |  7 Pages This international technology company demands strong motivation, stupendous leadership and great understanding between workers. Leaders need to create willingness amongst the employees to operate at their highest potential; this willingness is referred to as motivation. This report is based on a content/needs theory of motivation (Maslow’s hierarchy of needs). It consists of two pieces of primary research on the theory. The first one summarises worker motivation on selected construction sites inRead MoreMaslow s Hierarchy Of Needs1388 Words   |  6 Pages Abraham Maslow was an American philosopher who was born in the early 1990 s in Brooklyn, New York. He was one of the leading theorists that promoted humanistic psychology during his era. Maslow sought to understand what motivates and inspires individuals. He theorized that individuals possess and hold a group of motivation and incentive systems not related to plunder or insensible desires. Maslow declared that people are motivated and provoked to attain certain needs. When one need is fulfilled

Spel Case Free Essays

After killing the friend who was left with the shortest straw, the remaining plunders are rescued a couple weeks later and shared their story with their community. The friends are soon met with charges of homicide and disapproval from the public for their lack of moral awareness. This essay will argue that murder is Justifiable when the reality of grim conditions exists. We will write a custom essay sample on Spel Case or any similar topic only for you Order Now Consequences from such an action do not come to mind when decisions are based solely on emotions and not made with morals and ethical obligations set by society. The spelunkers depended on the murder of one of their friends in order to survive. In a normal situation, these friends would never purposely hurt, let alone ill, one another. The Intent of the person killing Is something to consider. When confronted with the dilemma of having Limited resources, killing each other was the only option for food. The special circumstance these friends were faced with, led too violent act of survival. The spelunkers waited a week after being trapped before normally commit, but cannibalism is something they would not practice either. The thought of eating human flesh to the average person is not desirable. But when put in extenuating circumstances, the reasonable person would do anything in order to live. The immense amount of pressure the friends experienced in making this decision was heightened by the hunger in their bellies and the fear in their hearts. Still, aggression and violence is usually associated with murder. That is not the case in this situation. There was no plan to purposefully and maliciously kill one of their friends before they were trapped. Death was the inevitable future of the four friends and the act of killing the randomly chosen friend brought that reality forward. The system that the spelunkers chose in picking who would die for the greater good of the group was a fair method. One person was not singled out to be killed for any other reason besides having the shortest straw and to be the emergency food source. This is validates that killing one of their friends was only to increase their chances of living. Murder, even though a drastic measure to survive, was absolutely necessary due to the reality of their dire situation. Once the spelunkers were caved in, the reality of their fate was sealed and the probability of surviving this disastrous event was unlikely. The friends had no idea that a trip full of adventure and fun would lead to such a tragic decision. When the subject of reality comes up, the idea of life and existence follows. Human beings have instincts that help them adapt and thrive in unfortunate mishaps. When lives are threatened or challenged, the truth is, people will do anything in their power to save themselves. The case of the spelunkers is no different. Even though the idea of having to kill and eat their friend is unwelcome, it was the best option for survival. There are some things in life that are uncontrollable and the natural occurrence of a cave-in is Just that. The spelunkers had no connection to the outside world and the session to kill and eat another human was made in the security of their own world, away from the rules of society. Though unintentional, the reality of the spelunkers’ situation led to an irreversible decision, in which the consequences were an afterthought. Consequences usually have a negative connotation associated with them. The dire circumstances in which the friends were in, led them to make choices in order to survive. The repercussions the three friends would face were an afterthought in light of trying to survive. In the moment of making the decision to kill another human eyeing, the last thing on their minds was what people would think of them afterwards. They were simply trying to live. Instead of being regarded as brave and courageous in the eye of death, the remaining spelunkers were shamed and ostracizes from society for killing their friend. To be snubbed by the community where one lives is very difficult to process, especially after the ordeal they Just went through. Then to be categorized as murderers and charged with homicide is unfair. The rules of law should not apply to special circumstances like the case of the spelunkers. If the here friends had not killed their friend and ate him, they would not be alive to tell their story. The consequences of being shunned by the community and being charged with murder, though unanticipated, undoubtedly stirred up emotions of guilt and shame for doing what they needed to do in order to survive. Tit feelings such as fear, despair, or hopelessness, the human mind can make decisions it would not normally. The spelunkers went through a spectrum of emotions before and after the killing of their friend. Being presented with such a calamitous situation, such as being trapped in a cave, can induce a state of panic and anxiety. As much as the four friends wanted to stay calm and wait p atiently for help, the idea of dying was too frightening. The simple fear of not being able to survive due to limited resources prompted the idea of drawing straws. After the straws were drawn, reality set in that one of them would be eaten. And for the three friends to not feel remorse or guilt after killing their friend was nearly impossible. This act was not an easy one and the remorse and guilt will not go away. Without the sacrifice of the friend who died, none of the men would be alive. The friends are grateful and appreciative for their friend’s sacrifice for them to live, yet sad and remorseful that their situation led them to that conclusion. Since the spelunkers were faced with fear they may not live, they acted with their emotions instead of the morals they would have normally abided by in everyday life. Having morals helps people chose from right and wrong doings. For the most part, the majority of humans would not result to violence or murder in a normal, everyday circumstance. There must be a catalyst for such behavior. In the case of the spelunkers, their feelings superseded moral consideration based on the fear of death. The emotionally charged spelunkers thought with their hearts and not with their minds. So is the difference between emotions and morals. The friendships that the four men shared were strong and the loyalty they had to one another was proven by the participation in drawing straws. This moral dilemma was the ultimate test of the bond the friends shared. The three friends should not be held responsible for murder based on their limited options of survival. The men’s’ morals did not come into consideration when trying to fight to stay alive. Though the decision to kill their friend for the benefit of the group’s survival is questionable, the spelunkers should not be charged with homicide. Killing someone under any other circumstance is a plausible reason to arrest and charge someone of murder. But the reality of the situation is, if the spelunkers had enough resources and if emotions such as fear for survival did not exist, murder would not have occurred because their morals would tell them that the consequences for such action, such as the absence of their friend, being charged for murder, and being ostracizes, was not worth it. The truth is, the spelunkers had no other choice but to omit this powerful act if they wanted to stay alive. And, if they had not killed their friend, four people would be dead instead of Just one person. Every day, people are faced with moral dilemmas and controversial subject matters. Those people are no different than the spelunkers. Although the circumstances surrounding this controversy are not a normal, fear can drive people to do things they would not typically do. If the roles were reverse and if anyone else were in the place of the spelunkers, it would be a challenge for people to accept death without trying everything they could to survive. How to cite Spel Case, Papers

Spel Case Free Essays

After killing the friend who was left with the shortest straw, the remaining plunders are rescued a couple weeks later and shared their story with their community. The friends are soon met with charges of homicide and disapproval from the public for their lack of moral awareness. This essay will argue that murder is Justifiable when the reality of grim conditions exists. We will write a custom essay sample on Spel Case or any similar topic only for you Order Now Consequences from such an action do not come to mind when decisions are based solely on emotions and not made with morals and ethical obligations set by society. The spelunkers depended on the murder of one of their friends in order to survive. In a normal situation, these friends would never purposely hurt, let alone ill, one another. The Intent of the person killing Is something to consider. When confronted with the dilemma of having Limited resources, killing each other was the only option for food. The special circumstance these friends were faced with, led too violent act of survival. The spelunkers waited a week after being trapped before normally commit, but cannibalism is something they would not practice either. The thought of eating human flesh to the average person is not desirable. But when put in extenuating circumstances, the reasonable person would do anything in order to live. The immense amount of pressure the friends experienced in making this decision was heightened by the hunger in their bellies and the fear in their hearts. Still, aggression and violence is usually associated with murder. That is not the case in this situation. There was no plan to purposefully and maliciously kill one of their friends before they were trapped. Death was the inevitable future of the four friends and the act of killing the randomly chosen friend brought that reality forward. The system that the spelunkers chose in picking who would die for the greater good of the group was a fair method. One person was not singled out to be killed for any other reason besides having the shortest straw and to be the emergency food source. This is validates that killing one of their friends was only to increase their chances of living. Murder, even though a drastic measure to survive, was absolutely necessary due to the reality of their dire situation. Once the spelunkers were caved in, the reality of their fate was sealed and the probability of surviving this disastrous event was unlikely. The friends had no idea that a trip full of adventure and fun would lead to such a tragic decision. When the subject of reality comes up, the idea of life and existence follows. Human beings have instincts that help them adapt and thrive in unfortunate mishaps. When lives are threatened or challenged, the truth is, people will do anything in their power to save themselves. The case of the spelunkers is no different. Even though the idea of having to kill and eat their friend is unwelcome, it was the best option for survival. There are some things in life that are uncontrollable and the natural occurrence of a cave-in is Just that. The spelunkers had no connection to the outside world and the session to kill and eat another human was made in the security of their own world, away from the rules of society. Though unintentional, the reality of the spelunkers’ situation led to an irreversible decision, in which the consequences were an afterthought. Consequences usually have a negative connotation associated with them. The dire circumstances in which the friends were in, led them to make choices in order to survive. The repercussions the three friends would face were an afterthought in light of trying to survive. In the moment of making the decision to kill another human eyeing, the last thing on their minds was what people would think of them afterwards. They were simply trying to live. Instead of being regarded as brave and courageous in the eye of death, the remaining spelunkers were shamed and ostracizes from society for killing their friend. To be snubbed by the community where one lives is very difficult to process, especially after the ordeal they Just went through. Then to be categorized as murderers and charged with homicide is unfair. The rules of law should not apply to special circumstances like the case of the spelunkers. If the here friends had not killed their friend and ate him, they would not be alive to tell their story. The consequences of being shunned by the community and being charged with murder, though unanticipated, undoubtedly stirred up emotions of guilt and shame for doing what they needed to do in order to survive. Tit feelings such as fear, despair, or hopelessness, the human mind can make decisions it would not normally. The spelunkers went through a spectrum of emotions before and after the killing of their friend. Being presented with such a calamitous situation, such as being trapped in a cave, can induce a state of panic and anxiety. As much as the four friends wanted to stay calm and wait p atiently for help, the idea of dying was too frightening. The simple fear of not being able to survive due to limited resources prompted the idea of drawing straws. After the straws were drawn, reality set in that one of them would be eaten. And for the three friends to not feel remorse or guilt after killing their friend was nearly impossible. This act was not an easy one and the remorse and guilt will not go away. Without the sacrifice of the friend who died, none of the men would be alive. The friends are grateful and appreciative for their friend’s sacrifice for them to live, yet sad and remorseful that their situation led them to that conclusion. Since the spelunkers were faced with fear they may not live, they acted with their emotions instead of the morals they would have normally abided by in everyday life. Having morals helps people chose from right and wrong doings. For the most part, the majority of humans would not result to violence or murder in a normal, everyday circumstance. There must be a catalyst for such behavior. In the case of the spelunkers, their feelings superseded moral consideration based on the fear of death. The emotionally charged spelunkers thought with their hearts and not with their minds. So is the difference between emotions and morals. The friendships that the four men shared were strong and the loyalty they had to one another was proven by the participation in drawing straws. This moral dilemma was the ultimate test of the bond the friends shared. The three friends should not be held responsible for murder based on their limited options of survival. The men’s’ morals did not come into consideration when trying to fight to stay alive. Though the decision to kill their friend for the benefit of the group’s survival is questionable, the spelunkers should not be charged with homicide. Killing someone under any other circumstance is a plausible reason to arrest and charge someone of murder. But the reality of the situation is, if the spelunkers had enough resources and if emotions such as fear for survival did not exist, murder would not have occurred because their morals would tell them that the consequences for such action, such as the absence of their friend, being charged for murder, and being ostracizes, was not worth it. The truth is, the spelunkers had no other choice but to omit this powerful act if they wanted to stay alive. And, if they had not killed their friend, four people would be dead instead of Just one person. Every day, people are faced with moral dilemmas and controversial subject matters. Those people are no different than the spelunkers. Although the circumstances surrounding this controversy are not a normal, fear can drive people to do things they would not typically do. If the roles were reverse and if anyone else were in the place of the spelunkers, it would be a challenge for people to accept death without trying everything they could to survive. How to cite Spel Case, Papers

Five Levels of Maslow’s Hierarchy in Cast Away free essay sample

Needs, includes the most basic needs that are vital at survival, like the need for water, air food and sleep. Security needs, includes needs for safety and security. Security needs are important for survival, but they are not as demanding as the physiological needs. Some examples are health insurance, shelter from the environment. Social needs, includes needs for belonging, love and affection. Examples of Social needs are friendship and families help fulfill this needs for companionship and acceptance. Esteem needs, becomes increasingly important after the first three needs have been contented. It includes the needs for things that reflect on self-esteem, such as social recognition, accomplishment, social recognition. Self-actualizing needs, is the highest level of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. People that are self-actualizing are self-aware, concerned with personal growth, less concerned with the opinions of others and interested fulfilling their potential. The needs that appeared to be most urgent and necessary were the Physiological needs; Chuck Noland’s actions agreed with Maslow’s Hierarchy when we got on the island, he immediately sought food. We will write a custom essay sample on Five Levels of Maslow’s Hierarchy in Cast Away or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The items that were already present on the island were Coconuts, Rocks, Sticks, and Palmetto Leaves. They met the needs of Physiological and Safety. The items that Chuck Noland used from the FedEx boxes were Clothing, Volleyball, Ice Skates, and VHS tapes. The needs that these items met were Physiological and Love. The movie Cast Away, Chuck Noland was stranded on an island. He was stuck there for about four years. As the years went by, he became more aware of how to survive. He knew how to find food, how to make shelter, and how to keep himself company. He used his volleyball that was in a FedEx box as a friend to talk to. He used leaves and sticks and sunlight to build a fire. He used porta potty as shelter. He also used anything for food. He was the only one who survived on that island from all of his co-workers. He finally built a boat and went in the water. Soon he found a huge ship that he climbed onto and sent home. When he got home nobody recognized him. Also when he got home, he got told bad news. His fiance that he was planning on marrying thought he was dead and fell in love with his dentist, and ended up marrying him. In my opinion I do think Chuck Noland met his need for self-actualization during his stay on the island. For example, self-actualization means self-aware, concerned with personal growth, and less concerned with the opinions of others. He honestly didn’t care what other people that about him, he thought he was successful and a hard worker. All in all, the movie Cast Away was very good movie that represented the five levels of Maslow’s Hierarchy.

Strategic Management Plan

Introduction Strategic management plan finds use in promoting strategic leadership as well as in strategic planning to ensure that the business processes of an organization are in line with goals (Probst, Raub, Romhardt 1999). Strategic plan should reflect the goals and vision that the organization aspires to accomplish within a given period of time. It entails the principles of management that enables the organization to govern its decisions and actions.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Strategic Management Plan specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It enables an organization to focus its energy on achieving common goals as well as in evaluating and adjusting its operations to be able to respond to the changing environment. It enables organizations to formulate effective means of responding to the hostile environmental conditions by developing consciously responsive ways to the dynamics in the environment (Chen, Ham brick, Nag, 2007). Greenwood Nursery’s primary objective is to promote the growth of new wood as well as to maintain healthy fruit formation. Strategic management planning is therefore very important to Greenwood Nursery in ensuring that it maintains sustainability in its environmental operations as well as in ensuring that the communities that it serves are provided with plant species which are able to successfully thrive in the specific environments despite the environmental dynamics. Greenwood Nursery also needs strategic management plan to develop appropriate cost-cutting measures in its operations and in ensuring strategic leadership in the organization as well as environmental leadership in the community that it serves. Strategic Management Process Environmental Analysis Once an organization has reviewed its objectives, it starts from its current situation to work out a strategic plan that would enable it achieve its objectives. An environmental analysis is done to ide ntify the opportunities available to an organization to enable it meet the set objectives (Davidow, Uttal, 1990). The organization has to understand its own capabilities as well as limitations. This would enable the organization choose opportunities which can help it achieve greater success. The organization also has to analyze its external environment which includes the macro-environment that affects all organizations, and the micro-environment which include all those factors which affect organizations in particulars sector. The macro-environment in this case may include technological, social, economic, as well as political factors. Micro-environment analysis should be very specific to the factors which affect the organization. These factors may include the operational efficiency and capacity of the organization, the organizational structure and image, the organization’s access and utilization of natural resources, financial resources, as well as the key staff among many ot her factors (Heskett, 1986).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Strategy Formulation Once the analysis has been done to identify the environmental forces affecting the organization, it now embarks on developing specific strategic alternatives which can be applied to ensure that the organization meets its objectives and mission (Ohmae, 1982). Implementation The organization has to decode the complex and abstract terms developed during the strategy formulation process into very detailed policies which can be understood by every individual in the organization at every functional level of the organization. This would help place more emphasis on any practical issues which might not have been understood well at a higher functional level. Implementation requires that the strategy be developed into specific strategies for each functional unit in the organization. This phase also invol ves the identification of the required resources as well as adopting the necessary changes in the organization. This stage involves distributing resources, designing the structure of the organization, managing the organization’s human resources as well as developing the organization’s decision making process. The implementation process involves putting in place benchmarks against which the organization can be measured (Lamb, 1984). Evaluation After the implementation, the organization’s processes have to be measured and evaluated to determine the extent of objective achievements. The internal and external factors have to be evaluated so as to obtain facts which are used to consider possible corrective measures. The process should determine the organization’s suitability, acceptability as well as feasibility (Lamb, 1984). Greenwood Nursery: Strategic Management Plan Mission Greenwood Nursery’s mission is to conserve the environment and to enhance th e community’s capacity to improve the quality of the environment. Core Functions The core functions of Greenwood Nursery are conservation and stewardship by providing plants species which protect and add aesthetic value to the environment and by enhancing the community’s capacity to ensure environment sustainability. The other core functions include research, analysis as well as information management to enable the organization provide technical services to its customers.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Strategic Management Plan specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Vision Greenwood Nursery’s vision is to enhance the community’s capacity to improve the quality of their environment and to add aesthetic value to their environment. Assessment An analysis to determine the organization’s performance was done in December 2010 and the compilation of the analysis was as follows. Strengths The demand for the organization’s products and plant species continues to rise as the organization maintains workers motivation to perform their duties perfectly. The reputation of the organization has also improved and most customers from the community tend to prefer the organization’s services to other organizations. Weaknesses The organization only relies on the internet to market its products and services and also put less effort in ensuring customers and the community involvement. Opportunities It is important that the organization adopts a leadership style that is more customer-oriented which would ensure customers and community involvement. It is also important to develop a more comprehensive marketing strategy that involves the use of traditional and modern communication channels. The marketing strategy should also involve measures that focus more emphasis on the customers’ perception and capacity development. Threats The major threat on the organization ’s operations is inadequate time to follow up community capacity development in ensuring sustainable environment. Goals Goal 1: To increase the diversity of plants species in the organization’s nursery and garden.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The organization will carry out research to find more plant species which are appealing to its customers and can easily adapt to the environmental conditions of the region. The organization will also research on the impacts of such new plant species on the environment including their invasive influence on the plant diversity in the organization’s garden and in the surrounding region. Goal 2: To take a leadership role in developing consistent as well as dynamic working relationships with the members of the community. In order to achieve this goal, the organization intends to put in place several measures aimed at positive environmental relationship with the community members who are the Greenwood Nursery’s customers. The organization would create a department to offer consultation services to its customers on the maintenance and development processes of the various plant species available in the organization’s garden. The organizations will also provide outreach education services to the surrounding community to enable them understand the environmental sustainability and how to achieve and maintain environmental quality. In order to achieve positive relationship that would also market the organization’s plant nursery and gardens as well as its services, the organization will also foster relationships with its customers by offering critical health and safety matters associated with the plants. Goal 3: To enhance the organization’s workers empowerment through retraining and knowledge development. The organization acknowledges the significance of the human resource in achieving quality services to customers as well as healthy plants. The organization will involve workers in mandatory training programs to enable them better understand the maintenance of the plant species. This would make them more efficient and effective in the organization’s operations and enable them provide quality services to customers. This would enabl e the organization develop guidance procedures on how to treat every plant during the plant growth and development. This will be supplied to each customer who buys any plant. Goal 4: to enhance the customer’s decision making process through improved communication. The organization will adopt an integrated marketing communication by investing in other traditional channels of communication like TV stations and newspapers to advertise its services. Promotional campaigns will be implemented to ensure that the organization’s reputation reaches the whole nation. Conclusion Strategic management has to be adopted and made specific to every functional unit of an organization. Each unit in the organization should also have specific benchmarks to evaluate their performance so as to ensure that every functional unit of the organization is line with the organization’s goals and mission. Reference List Chen, M.-J, Hambrick, D. C, Nag, R. (2007). What is strategic management, really? Inductive derivation of a consensus definition of the field. Strategic Management Journal. 28(9), 935–955. Cambridge: Blackwell Publishers. Davidow, W Uttal, B. (1990). Total customer service. New York: Harper Perennial Books. Heskett, J. (1986). Managing in the service economy. Boston: Harvard Business School Press. Lamb, R. B. (1984). Competitive strategic management. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. Ohmae, K. (1982). The Mind of the Strategist. New York: McGraw Hill, New York. Probst, G, Raub, S. Romhardt K. (1999). Managing knowledge. London: Wiley. This report on Strategic Management Plan was written and submitted by user Richard Z. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Victor E. Frankl Writes of the Meaning and Purpose of Life and Humanity essays

Victor E. Frankl Writes of the Meaning and Purpose of Life and Humanity essays Victor E. Frankl is known both as an internationally famous psychiatrist, and as the author of Man's Search for Meaning, noted as one of the top 10 influential books in America by a Library of Congress survey. Frankl's work has been widely read, and 151 books have been published about Frankl and his work in 15 different languages. He had received 29 Honorary Doctorates, and lectured at 209 universities. He passed away in Man's Search for Meaning starts with a deeply descriptive look at Frankl's five-year imprisonment in Auschwitz and other Nazi concentration camps. The second section of his work is a detailed description of logotherapy, the psychotherapeutic model developed by Frankl. He sees the human desire for meaning and purpose in life as the fundamental driving force of humanity. In Man's Search for Meaning, Frankl manages to successfully marry an abstract psychological theory with a deeply human, Frankl's fundamental tenets of existentialism focus closely on the "will to meaning", which is simply humankind's need to find purpose and meaning in life. Frankl sees humankind's basic underlying motivation in life as the need to live a purposeful and meaningful life. Frankl embraces individual freedom, the subjective understanding of life, and individuality in his discussions about the purpose and meaning of life. As such, Frankl clearly considers existentialism to be valuable to the quest for wisdom. Frankl's comments about spiritual freedom are sometimes profound and insightful. In the midst of his time in the concentration camp, and forced into yet another day of hard labor, and fighting a deep fear of his wife's death and torture, he begins to understand that spiritual freedom is found within. Frankl writes, "A thought transfixed me: for the first time in my life I saw the truth as it is set into song by so ...

Surrealism and 'True' Reality in Quentin Tarantino's Films Essay

Surrealism and 'True' Reality in Quentin Tarantino's Films - Essay Example According to the findings, it can, therefore, be said that Tarantino directed the films in such a way that they were explicitly more or less about redemption. Also artistically, they are postmodern. Such that they tend to blend genres and are also highly allusive. In both the films, the characters struggle to become â€Å"real† people and live a â€Å"real† life without succeeding. This is because the redemption they seek is achieved through suffering and even death, as in the case of the gangsters in Reservoir Dogs. Hence, there is no desire to shed the uniforms and become â€Å"real† people.  Tarantino aims at reflecting a postmodern sensibility about an ability to know and understand the world and also, about the value and significance that every person’s life has and also their actions. The films illustrate the â€Å"real† world as the civilian world, one without struggle and any need for redemption. In order for one to become a â€Å"realâ⠂¬  person, they needed to shed their uniform. However,   some removed their uniforms without any intentions of redemption.

Engineering - Sustainability and Innovation Assignment

Engineering - Sustainability and Innovation - Assignment Example The place should exude warmth and confidence. Sustainable construction is therefore very critical to the economic, social and environmental fabric of society. Estimates suggest that in developing countries about 40% of the human population would be living in cities compared to 20% that was present in 1950. (Sustainable Building & Construction, 2003) Around 40,000 sq.km of cultivable land is being urbanized every year. The worst areas that are going to be hit are the developing countries where infrastructure boom is coming up in the next few years. It is understood that the building designs are capable of lasting 80-100 years on an average. It is therefore very important that a construction having such large scale life should be built in a sustainable manner so that fits into the surrounding environment. It can be argued that while lands that are used for irrigation being converted to concrete jungles would inevitably lead to loss of farming and have an adverse effect on the food chai n around the world, rise in construction activity would lead to increase in jobs in the construction sector. Estimates indicate that around 3 trillion US dollars are being pumped into the construction sector annually and this accounts for 10% of the world GDP. (Moavenzadeh F, 1994) An estimated 111million worker of which 74% belong to the developing countries and of this 28% engaged in industrial development is what has been found out per the last census. (Sustainable Building & Construction, 2003) While it cannot be argued that construction is a sector that generates large scale employment, its drawback is lack of job security and personal health issues of working personnel. This sector is also predominantly male and since most of the jobs are in the unorganised sector their issues are not aptly addressed. A survey conducted in UK indicated that around 600 workers die annually due to asbestos intoxication, 30% suffer skin disorders and around 40% have bone and ligament fractures. ( Sustainable Building & Construction, 2003) About 55000 workers die annually due to construction related accidents. Environment related incidents are the next major cause of concern which has strengthened the call more strongly for sustainable construction. Deforestation and illegal mining with scant respect to the nature is harmful to the environment. Apart from this energy a large amount of energy is also consumed in transporting these raw materials from its area of origin to other developing countries. (Bossink & H.J Brouwers, 1996) A concept introduced in 1970 called the embodied energy tries to calculate the sum total energy that would be required right from its inception stage, transportation and finally till the construction stage. The effort always is to limit the amount of embodied energy so that one can move towards sustainable construction. The major source of greenhouse emissions is usually for the production of cement which entails a significant amount of fossil fuel bur ning. Estimates suggest that by 1950 the CO2 emissions would be around four times the present amount. (Sustainable Building & Construction, 2003) It has also been suggested that in the interests of the environment it is best that a greater building density is better compared to a low building density. This would entail

Strategic HRM Case Study

Strategic HRM Case Study Introduction An organization is constructed of people. These people who assemble together as an organization’s workforce are recognized as human resources. Human resources department clutches all the scopes of employee concerns like recruiting, training and motivating. Basically, the function that focuses on how to manage the people within an organization is known as Human Resource Management (HRM). HRM deals with issues related to people such as compensation, recruiting,  performance management, organization development and employee concerns like- safety, wellness, benefits, motivation, communication, administration, and training. HRM thrives to manage the workplace  culture  and environment. Effective HRM enables employees to contribute efficiently and productively to the overall company direction and the accomplishment of the organizations goals and objectives. HRM is not managed using the traditional approaches anymore. Rather, the increased use of outsourcing has created the urge for building up new and innovative ways to manage the workforce in today’s workforce. It calls for comprehensive and thorough strategies to respond to the contemporary issues of globalization and diversity. Company overview: Complete IT (CIT) is an UK based IT support Service Company that has been providing with local IT support to SMEs for over 20 years now. They tend to maintain the highest levels of technical expertise and accreditations to resolve IT issues. They hold the motto of not just fixing problem, but finding ways to improve systems and positively impact on their clients’ tea, and business. Their services range from reactive support to proactive management of the clients’ IT, but each built specifically for each client. They promise to deliver IT support with passion and commitment with a friendly, honest and simple approach. 1. Role and Importance of Strategic HRM 1.1 Strategic HRM Strategic HRM is known as the preventive management system of the employees in an organization. More elaborately speaking, it is a technique of managing human resources that brings a strategic outline to upkeep long-term business objectives and outcomes. There are three major theories of strategic HRM used in today’s HRM. Like many other companies, CIT also uses these theories into application. Universalist Approach: Also known as Best Practice Approach, this theory assumes that high performance output in an organization can be achieved via a set of HRM practices. These practices are described in a set of four policy goals- Commitment: Confirming the faithfulness of employees to the organization so that they provide with their best of performance. Strategic Integration: The integration of the HRM to the company’s strategic planning so that HRM can be a part of company’s overall strategy should be ensured. Moreover it should also be ensured that the line managers use HRM strategies in their everyday work. Quality: The fact that employees should always be kept satisfied and motivated in order to bring out their optimum performance so that they can deliver products and of the highest of quality should be ensured. Flexibility: Today’s workforce seek out flexibility in their workplace. Administration should ensure this aspect in order to keep the staff driven enough to deliver the maximum productivity. However, it is to be noted that Guest believed all of these theories shall work only together, and not individually, to attain the company objectives. Fit or Contingency Approach: HR plans and practices must be coordinated with the organization’s plans and practices for the maximum performance to be produced. This synchronization of HR and Company strategies can be labeled as the â€Å"vertical fit†. This approach is also known as the â€Å"best fit approach†. The best fit approach:The best fit approach supports that HR strategies and organizational policies have to be aligned. There are three available simulations of this best fit approach- Lifecycle model: Organizational development is done in four stages Start-up, Growth, Maturity and Decline. The HR department should be well aware of the company’s ongoing stage so they can select the correct strategies to match up the company’s current stage. Strategic configuration: In this model it is said that companies can be on the operative front if they can implement tactical configuration policy (market-type structure or internal type structure), coordinated with company types (namely Defenders, Prospectors and Reactors, Analyzers), and (classified as; Machine Bureaucracy, Divisionalised form, Simple Structure, Adhocracy Professional and Bureaucracy). Best fit and competitive strategy: three competitive strategies are; Quality, Cost-Leadership and Focus (Niche). Companies should adopt competitive strategies in order to maximize performances. This is more important because of the increasing competition in today’s business world. It is always better to have a competitive edge and to use that edge in the best way possible. The Configurationally Perspective: This model deals with the importance of the outline of several HR policies and in what way these outline of HR policies (independent variables) affect the Organizational performance (dependent variable). The term configuration is explained differently by various scholars and writers for two reasons. The first one being â€Å"the scope to which HR policies are associated into an overall HR structure† and the second one- â€Å"the notch of fit amid an overall HR structure and an administrative type†. 1.2 Importance of HRM In CIT, HRM is perceived as one of the most consequential drives of the corporation. HR management’s significance can be classified into the following subsequent activities: Enrollment and Training: Recruiting new people and training them as per the organizations’ needs are the key responsibilities of HRM. To fill up the vacant position in the organizations, HR managers plan test and trials for potential candidates. HR also fixes the terms and conditions of the contract that takes place between the employee and the organization. Performance Evaluations: HRM prompts the workforce to bring out their finest performance. It provides with feedbacks to the employees that creates a proper communication between the employees and the employers. Nourishing Work Atmosphere: Work ambiance is a crucial aspect for employee satisfaction and high level of performance. HRM manages to maintain a decent, safe and clean working environment for its employees. The performance of the workforce largely depend on the work atmosphere and company culture. So, HRM strives to keep up the best possible work environment for its staff. Handling Disputes: Inner disputes and conflicts among colleagues is a very common element in organizations. It is always the HRM’s duty to mediate in such situation so as to resolve such clashes and therefore establish an order in the workforce. While it’s important to take care of the disputes in a fair manner, the HRM must also be very cautious in handling such cases as sometimes, the methods can easily create employee displeasure. Increasing Public Relations: Developing public relation with numerous interested parties and stakeholders of the organization is a vital role played by the HRM. HRM stands responsible for organizing meetings, seminars, workshops etc. to interconnect with these parties. In some cases HR department even helps into business and marketing planning. 1.3 Analysis of different Frameworks of HRM The Harvard Analytical Framework for HRM: Produced by Beer et al. (1984), is a good equilibrium between the Universalist Approach and the Fit Approach. CIT relates this model in its HR management. This framework works on the conjecture that the problems of managing employees can be explained when the general managers of the company have their own perspective about how they want the employees to be involved in the company and what sort of policies are best for this method. Ulrich’s Multiple Role Model: Ulrich et al. (2009) proposes a multiple competency framework involving of four potentials for HR mangers other than recruiting, training, and motivating. It is specified below: Figure 2: Ulrich’s Multiple Role Model HR roles are demonstrated in this framework into two axes. The horizontal axis designates the leading focus of HR—either Future Strategic or Day to Day Operational, and the vertical axis indicates leading actions of HR, either process and systems or people connected. These two axes form the four qualities of HR- Strategic Partner, Change Agent, Employee Champion and Administrative Expert. CIT’s HR managers ponder in these features with attention. 2. Formulation Implementation of HR Strategies 2.1 Analyzing the Strategic Human Resource Process Strategic HR Process can’t be constructed of any single approach, it can always vary between organizations. CIT uses a specific model for Strategic HR process that encompasses of the following key facts: Structuring the strategic course: When the HR policies are backed up by the company’s mission, vision and objective, this process is constructed. In CIT, the entire HRM process is established by concurring the company leaders’ long term objectives. So the entire process of recruitment, training, motivating and additional processes are planned to achieve long term company goal. Developing the HRM System: Since CIT is an IT based firm, it allows its employees to work from home by using internet. Also, CIT believes in creating variety in their workforce in lieu to which they are engaging female employees in definite positions. Planning the total workforce: Defining the essential future workforce depending on the company’s progress and necessity is a very challenging activity of the HRM, especially now-a-days. Producing the required human resources: The key focus of this process is to recruit, contract, organize, formulate and convey staffs grounded on the tactical provisions of the management’s workforce strategy. Dedicating to HR progress and performance: HR development process marks on the growth and use of business proficiency and the cooperating elements, all of which lead to a thriving organizational performance. A good encouragement program for the employees should comprise a mix of base pay, bonus, profit share, priority in company share etc. in overall. (Robert C. B., 2003). Evaluating and supporting managerial aptitude and performance: Basically, there is no exact approach to precisely measure the changes in HR policies or how performances affect the company’s output. This can be overcome by the usage ‘balance scorecards.’ 2.2 Roles in Strategic Human Resource Management The strategic roles of top management, front-line management, HR executive, HR specialists are the ones that sums up the roles of strategic HRM. Their roles in CIT are described below- Strategic Part of Top Management: The long term business goals of the company are set by the idealistic leaders of the company- the ones who forms the top management. This set consists of the CEO, CFO and President. They ensure the concurrence of the company growth and objectives with those of the individual departments. Strategic Part of Front-line Administration: According to Eduardo Salas et al (2001), front line managers ‘bring HR policies to life’. This means that if the managers are against a new HR strategy, it would be problematic to device the strategy which will gradually lead to dissatisfaction among employees. Tactical Role of the HR Director: Because they are the part of the top management, the HR Directors hold a great position in the strategic planning. They ensure the integration of HR policies and tactics with overall business goals and supervise the implementation of those plans. Strategic Part of HR Authorities: HR executives have various tasks like new preparation programs, performance management, granting employees, improving the work atmosphere etc. therefore, at any given point, they should work on a priority basis. 2.3 Development of HR Strategies There is no single way to advance HR strategies. For example, CIT uses the six step method proposed by Gratton (1999): Figure the superintendent association: Comprising people from all parts of the professional. Envisaging the upcoming: Building a shared idea for the regions of strategic prominence. Identifying present abilities and pinpoint the gap: Assessing the company’s present point and analyzing the break between company’s upcoming goals and current condition. Shape a map of the system: This is done to safeguard the small stages taken can be expressed into a whole plan. Model the refinements of the structure: All possible future results should be taken into account to evade any unexpected change or uncertainty in the strategic plan. Bridge into action: Involving line managers, creating guiding principles, forming cross-functional collections to recognize objectives and performance devices. 2.4 Implementation of HR Strategies HR strategies implementation can always vary from organization to organization, it has no perfect model. CIT practices the following tasks to implement HR policies. Supporting employees to understand the strategy: Employees must have the proper understanding of the ‘what and why’ of the policy to actually execute it in the workplace. A failure to comprehend the company policy properly will prohibit the employees from using their full level of talent to achieve company objective. Improving employee responsibility to the strategy: It is always known that change causes disharmony. Any kind of modification in strategy can easily cause displeasure among employees. Employees must be given the understanding that accepting the current change will lead to a better outcome. Reforming local work with the strategy: The proper understanding of the strategies by the employees is not always enough, it must also be executed by dismissing off-strategy works and starting on-strategy works with new vigor. Generating inter-departmental assistance: Creating bridging relation among the employees of different subdivisions is always a little challenging because of their different work nature. Activity 2 3. Contemporary Issues in Strategic HR Management 3.1 Identification of Contemporary Issues Affecting Strategic HRM Strategic HRM is mostly affected by the following issues- Job Stress: The adverse reaction that people tend to show when they’re incapable of coping up with the pressure and atmosphere of work can be defines as Job Stress. It can lead to illness, absenteeism, low efficiency rate, frustration, personal problems etc. Work-Life Stability: Everyone is always busy in today’s competitive corporate world. The use of advanced technology allows employers to engage employees in work even after office hours, via internet. Diversity: In any organization today, people from diverse backgrounds come together to work. Globalization has become a major issue in today’s HR management. Downsizing: Many companies are economizing their workforce due to recent economic recession, as a measure of cost cutting. 3.2 Analysis of Contemporary Issues Affecting Strategic HRM The increasing challenges in HRM management are forcing today’s organizations to consider strategic HRM in a different way. Recruitment procedure is now a two-way approach. Employers can use a resume record or ‘corporate poaching’. Because job switching has become a very common issue today, keeping employees, specially the most adept ones, motivated and satisfied is becoming much tougher. Even CIT has not been able to keep a hold of many of its most capable employees. So, they’re now forming new strategies to keep their staff driven. Activity 3 4. Assessing the range of HR Strategies its Application This section discusses different types of strategies in HR and their application in business organizations. 4.1 Range of HR Strategies The ranges of HR strategies include different tools. The ones used by CIT are discussed below: Strategies for improving organizational effectiveness: Concrete leadership from the upper management. A strong management team. Continual pressure to renovate and expand. Ability to react fast to opportunities and threats. Strategies for Learning and Expansion: This ensures the correct training of the employees in order to achieve organizational goals. This is related with housing a learning culture, encouraging organizational knowledge, providing for individual learning and launching a learning organization. Strategies for Performance Measurement: Performance Management â€Å"carries a mean of joining business strategy and technical assembly to direct the whole organization to achieving mutual organizational objectives† (Purcell et al, 2005), it delivers the best means to attain organizational goals. Strategies for Employee Relations: Here, the intents of the organization about what is required to be done and what is needed to be altered in the customs in which the organization maintains its relationships with employees and their trade unions is explained. It is to be noted that employee policies are different than strategies. Strategies are dynamic. 3.2 Application of HR Strategies CIT attempts to achieve its organizational goals by applying all the strategies defined above, including resourcing strategy and reward strategy. It can be quite impossible to measure the exact amount of return these applications of HR strategies bring; nonetheless, there are some indicative measures that can help us towards greater understanding of the impact of change in HR policies. For example, if the workforce management program has been integrated properly with the company’s goals and company is performing well, it can be said that we are getting good return on HR strategies. Another example of good HR outcomes is found on Michael Armstrong et al (2006) research reports on hospitals which decreased mortality rate by creating efficient HRM. Conclusion It can be concluded that human resource management is one of the crucial activities in today’s organizations. No workplace can be run proficiently without correctly trained and motivated employees. And with the increasing globalization today, proper Human Resource Management is becoming more and more challenging.

Filipino Values Essay

The Filipino value system arises from our culture or way of life, our distinctive way of becoming human in this particular place and time. We speak of Filipino values in a fourfold sense. First, although mankind shares universal human values, it is obvious that certain values take on for us a distinctively Filipino flavor. Secondly, when we speak of Filipino values, we do not mean that elements of these Filipino values are absent in the value systems of other peoples and cultures. All people eat, talk and sing, but they eat different foods, speak various languages and sing different songs. Thus, we easily recognize Filipino, American, Chinese, Japanese or any other foreign food, language or music. The difference lies in the way these elements are ranked, combined or emphasized so that they take on a distinctively Filipino slant or cast. For instance, in China, honesty and hard work may rank highest; Chinese and Japanese cultures give great value to politeness and beauty; American culture to promptness and efficiency; and Filipino culture to trust in God and family centeredness. In this sense of value-ranking and priority of values, we can speak of dominant Filipino values. Thirdly, universal human values in a Filipino context (historical, cultural, socio-economic, political, moral and religious) take on a distinctive set of Filipino meanings and motivations. This is true not only of the aims and goals, beliefs, convictions, and social principles of the traditional value system of the lowland rural family but also of what Fr. Horacio de la Costa, S. J. alls the Filipino â€Å"nationalistic† tradition(pagsasarili,pagkakaisa,pakikisama, pakikipagkapwa-tao, and pagkabayani. ) A Filipino value or disvalue does not exist alone, in isolation or in a vacuum. Filipino values like bahala na, utang na loob, hiya, pakikisama, pakiusap are clustered around core values like social acceptance, economic security, social mobility, and are always found in a definite context or set of circumstances. Fourthly, we can speak of Filipino values in the sense that the historical consciousness of values has evolved among our people. The Filipino concept of justice has evolved from inequality to equality, and to human dignity; from the tribe, to the family, and to the nation. Filipino consciousness of these different values varies at different periods of our history. It is only in the last two decades that the Filipino people have become more conscious of overpopulation and family planning, environmental pollution (Kawasaki sintering plant) and wildlife conservation (Calauit Island), and the violation of human rights (Martial Law), active non-violence and People Power (1986 non-violent Revolution).

Disaster management approaches for libraries in India

Abstraction The present paper highlights the catastrophe and its direction in general and in libraries in electronic age. The paper besides suggested the direction methods of catastrophe in libraries. Libraries are the keeper of our history, civilization and civilisation. They are maintaining the heritage of the state in safe for last 1000s of old ages. The precaution against catastrophe for the libraries is really of import. Safeguard should be in such planned ways that save the resources of library without any harm. In India libraries are non concentrating on catastrophe direction due to unawareness and dearth of financess. Libraries and reputed Information Centres should organize plan on catastrophe direction in libraries. There should be developing and workshop plan for library forces every bit good as for library users. Library and pull offing authorization should do necessary agreement for the effectual plan of catastrophe direction in libraries. Disaster direction plan should be implement ed from the initial phase ( from the building of edifice for any administration ) . Key-Words:Catastrophe, Disaster Management, Natural Disaster, Man-Made Disaster, Disaster Management – Libraries, Artificial Disaster 1. Introduction: Now libraries of India transforming themselves from traditional library to modern library or we may state automated, electronic, digital, practical or intercrossed libraries. With the development of engineering alterations, the development of hardship besides increased. Adversity or catastrophe may be natural an artificial besides. Disaster and its direction ( Disaster Management ) now becomes the firing subject in many field due to natural catastrophe as cyclone, twister, temblor, fire due to heavy rain, H2O inundation etc. and unreal catastrophe as power grid failure, web failure, fire, waiter fail, short -circuit etc. In libraries, governments and libraries are non giving their attending for direction of any sort of catastrophe. In India except some progress libraries, most of libraries have no prearrangement for catastrophe. Libraries have our history. Civilization and civilization in books and in electronic signifier, if any catastrophe occurred they will lose valuable history, Civilization and civilization. 2. Catastrophe Catastrophe is an unexpected, black go oning transporting inordinate mutilation, harm, and devastation and desolation to life and belongings. The mutilation caused by catastrophes is incalculable and differs with the topographical location, clime and the type of the Earth surface/degree of susceptibleness. These effects may be mental, socio-economic, political and cultural province of the affected country. Catastrophe may be work forces made ( Artificial ) and natural. Some definition of catastrophe as follow: An happening doing widespread devastation and hurt ; a catastrophe.† Emergency â€Å"A serious state of affairs or happening that happens out of the blue and demands immediate action [ 1 ] .† ( American Heritage Dictionary. 3 rd. ed. , 1996 ) In modern-day academe, catastrophes are seen as the consequence of jeopardies on vulnerable countries. Hazards that occur in countries with low exposure do non ensue in a catastrophe ; as is the instance in uninhabited parts. ( Quarantelli 1998 ) [ 2 ] . Acatastropheis a natural or semisynthetic ( or technological ) jeopardy ensuing in an event of significant extent doing important physical harm or devastation, loss of life, or drastic alteration to the environment. A catastrophe can be extensively defined as any tragic event stemming from events such as temblors, inundations, ruinous accidents, fires, or detonations. It is a phenomenon that can do harm to life and belongings and destruct the economic, societal and cultural life of people. [ 3 ] 2.1 Natural Catastrophe A natural catastrophe is an deduction when a natural danger touches creatures and/or the built atmosphere. The resulting harm is governed by on the capacity of the population to back up or contend the catastrophe: their resiliency. This apprehension is concentrated in the preparation: â€Å" catastrophes occur when jeopardies meet defencelessness † . A natural danger will hereafter ne'er consequence in a natural catastrophe in countries without exposure. Numerous uniquenesss like, landslides, temblors, eruptions, volcanic, cyclones and inundations are all natural jeopardies that kill 1000s of people and destroy moneys of district and goods every clip. Followings are the chief natural catastrophes:EarthquakesFloodsVolcanic eruptionsCyclonesBiological agents ( micro-organisms, insect or vermin infestation )Fires ( wildfires )Rain2.2. Artificial ( Men Made ) Catastrophe With the technological development the jeopardies besides grows. Artificial catastrophes besides can be caused by worlds. Dangerous stuffs exigencies include chemical tumbles and groundwater pollution. Workplace fires ( caused by short-circuit etc. ) are more common and can arise significant belongings mutilation and loss of life. Communities are besides defenseless to these menaces posed by overzealous groups who use fierceness against both people and belongings. In Artificial catastrophe, marks may include military and civilian authorities installations, international airdromes, high-profile landmarks and big metropoliss. In Cyber-terrorism involves onslaughts against computing machines ( server down, virus onslaught, choping and unauthorized entree etc. ) and networks done to intimidate or coerce a authorities or its people for political or societal aims. 3. Disaster direction It is a subject that includes devising, armed robbery, and reconstructing society when natural or human-made catastrophes occur. In general, any Crisis direction is the ageless procedure by which all persons, groups, and communities manage jeopardies in an attempt to avoid or hone the impact of catastrophes ensuing from the jeopardies ‘Disaster direction can be defined as the organisation and direction of resources and duties for covering with all human-centered facets of exigencies, in peculiar readiness, response and recovery in order to decrease the impact of catastrophes. [ 4 ] 4. Catastrophe in Libraries Catastrophe either natural or manmade may happen in any administration and at any topographic point of the universe. Its earnestness may be distinguished on preventative, pre-arrangement and other security methods. Now, libraries have entered in the age of electronic age but with the coming of engineering in libraries, the technological ( Artificial ) catastrophe has besides generated. Natural catastrophe like implosion therapy, temblor, cyclones, rain and Volcanic eruptions etc. are indistinguishable and non changed but traveling toward uncertainness due to planetary heating. Day to twenty-four hours semisynthetic catastrophe as power cuts, web failure, cooling- warming, larceny of books, web tower failure, struggle, noise, and force may happen in libraries. Besides these, fire, sever failure, crashing of computing machine besides are major catastrophe in libraries. Sometimes some misshaping may change over in major catastrophe in libraries. 5. Disaster Management in Libraries: Libraries are our guardian or custodian of our history, civilization and civilisation. They are maintaining these records in printed and non-printed papers. Students, scholar outlook are besides linked with libraries. So maintenance and security of libraries are indispensable from catastrophe etc. In this concern Indian libraries ( particularly authorities and public libraries ) frustrated us. Libraries are non so secured in this concern. Most of the libraries have non installed fire dismay system in their libraries. If installed, the care of these systems is zero, merely they became show peace. Libraries are besides faces many twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours catastrophe like power-cuts ( No holding generators ) , no heating-cooling system etc. Libraries are information Centre are besides organizing many workshop, conference and seminar of ICT but neglected the subject like catastrophe direction in libraries [ 5 ] . This is doomed of Libraries as they are supplying reading stuff ( books, diaries and encyclopaedias etc. ) on catastrophe direction to their users for research but for them, there is no such ageless plan in this concern. Fundss are besides a barrier in this concern as libraries non acquiring equal financess for purchase books etc. and these catastrophes are the secondary stage for the libraries. I personally observed in many libraries that there was no such preventative equipment and measuring for this catastrophe ( natural and semisynthetic ) . Catastrophe commanding program is a must be assimilated in preliminary planning of establishing a library and information Centre. Numerous minor arrows for a complete catastrophe direction program, which are independent of each other but are interwoven. Libraries either academic or public and authorization ( Government- Non-Government ) should do the undermentioned proviso in their libraries against catastrophe direction: Fruitful Plan: Each catastrophe has three stages: earlier, during and after. A variableness of programs is required to pull off with each of these stages. There should be fruitful program for catastrophe direction. Catastrophe program must cover complete of the library and information Centre including staff, readers, beginnings of information, equipment and substructure and it must be a concerted squad attempt. Mirror Server/ Backup:There should be agreement of mirror waiter and day-to-day backup of work should be taken on regular base by the competent library staff. Data backup should non maintain in library and be placed at minimal two topographic points. A responsible staff may take this backup with them. AMC of library waiter and UPC may be an alternate security step for this. Power Supply:There should be one chief switch of light system of library and topographic point to put MCV- Light accountant should be installed in the library to avoid short-circuit in light system. Duty:There should be arrested development of duties on staff and suited should be identified and sequence should be fixed in written and verbally. Suitable senior and junior staff should be incorporated in catastrophe planning. Power-Cuts: There should be installing of Solar Power System and UPS to provide the the uninterrupted power supply. Sound proof power generator may be installed for this system. Fire:Fire dismay system and fume sensor should be installed in library on each degree so that any type of fume and fire is detected. The staff preparation is indispensable to manage such system and should openings for staff to be qui vive of what is expected of them in the event of catastrophe. Library should placing imperative parts of the edifice, aggregations, apportioning deliverance primacies, acknowledging utility storage sites, supplying satisfactory fire protection. Extra Fundss Agreement: There should be an extra fund agreement to secure the preventative equipment and for doing such catastrophe agreement in libraries. Rain- Floods: It is impartial as of import to find where the H2O is coming from and should to halt it at its cause as it is to cover up the books. There should be agreement of H2O security out system around the library. The entree of H2O should travel in direct to toss off to earth. User Awareness Program: There should be a user consciousness plan sing the catastrophe direction. This plan may be included in user education/ orientation plan of the library. Workshop/Training and Conference: Time to clip library and information centres should form preparation and workshop plan on catastrophe direction in libraries. Disaster Management Agency:Library and information centres may engage Disaster Management Agency for catastrophe direction. Library may contract with such type of bureau ( Government and Private ) . There are many such types of bureaus are available ( on-line – offline ) for catastrophe direction.6. Decision:Now the scope of catastrophe has increased, natural catastrophe is increasing due to planetary heating and unreal catastrophes ( man-made ) are increasing with the coming of Information Communication Technology. Pre-planning for catastrophe is really of import as this direction is inter-linked on each other. These planning should be implemented from the initial stage ( from the point of building of edifice of any administration like libraries ) . Time to clip mock drill should besides implement for proving of the plan. Care of such process is besides really of import. Government, non-government and pull offing governments should besides pay more attending on this issue. Go vernment should besides do such positive policies for libraries and information sing the execution of catastrophe direction.Related BibliographyAparac-Gazivoda, T. and Katalenac, D. ( 1993 ) Wounded libraries in Croatia, Zagreb: Croatian Library Association. Archives, Aldershot: Ashgate.Featherstone, Robin M. , Lyon, Becky J, and Ruffin, Angela B. ( 2008 ) .Librarian’s Role in Disaster Response: an Oral History Project. Journal of Medical Library Association, 96,256-282.doi 10.3163/1536-5050.96.4.009.Golrick, Michael A. ( 2009 ) . Disaster direction: Stairss in the procedure. Retrieved from: hypertext transfer protocol: //michaelgolrick.blogspot.com/2009/03/disaster-management-plan-steps-in.html.Saint matthews, G. and Eden, P. ( 1996 ) Disaster direction in British libraries. Project study with guidelines for library directors, London: The British Library.Saint matthews, Graham, & A ; Eden, Paul. ( 1996 ) â€Å" Disaster direction preparation in libraries † , Library R eview, Vol. 45 Iodine: 1, pp.30 – 38Riedlmayer, A. ( 2007 ) ‘Crimes of war, offenses of peace: devastation of libraries during and after the Balkan wars of the 1990s’ , Library Trends 1 ( 56 ) , 107-132.1